Men with SLE tend to have more aggressive disease with higher rates of renal and cardiovascular involvements and are more likely to develop kidney failure than women. Renal involvement, termed lupus nephritis (LN), occurs in approximately 50–60% of the patients and remains one of the most serious visceral complications in SLE. Deposition of autoantibodies triggers the formation of immune complexes and then leads to tissue inflammation in multiple organs, including blood vessels, joints, kidneys, and skin. Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a life-threatening autoimmune inflammatory disease involving a variety of autoantibodies, which are produced by overactivated B cells and circulate in peripheral blood or deposit in organs. Key Messages: The efficacy of MSCs in the LN treatment remains to be confirmed, and future advances from stem cell science can be expected to pinpoint significant MSC subpopulations, as well as specific mechanisms of action, leading the way to the use of more potent stimulated or primed pretreated MSCs to treat LN. In addition, MSCs can home to the kidney and integrate into tubular cells and differentiate into mesangial cells. Allogeneic MSCs suppress autoimmunity and restore renal function in mouse models and patients with LN by inducing regulatory immune cells and suppressing Th1, Th17, T follicular helper cell, and B-cell responses. Summary: Bone marrow MSCs from SLE patients exhibit impaired capabilities of migration, differentiation, and immune regulation and display senescent phenotype. The objective of this review is to discuss the defective functions of MSCs in LN patients and the application of MSCs in the treatment of both LN animal models and patients. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) possess a potently immunosuppressive regulation on immune responses, and intravenous transplantation of MSCs ameliorates disease symptoms and has emerged as a potential beneficial therapy for LN. Thus, there is still an urgent need for novel therapy. Although increased knowledge of the disease pathogenesis has improved treatment options, outcomes have plateaued as current immunosuppressive therapies have failed to prevent disease relapse in more than half of treated patients. Background: Lupus nephritis (LN) is the most severe organ manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).
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